Phospholipids as a bioactive substance, has a unique physical and chemical properties and nutritional value, in the world of food, health care products, medicine and feed industry has been widely used, people can play through the use of phospholipids can regulate blood lipids, improve memory, protection Liver, brain puzzle and anti-aging and other physiological functions of the role.
Generally referred to as the phospholipid is a phosphorus element containing fat, it is a mixture of a variety of phospholipids, the main components of phosphatidylcholine (commonly known as lecithin PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (commonly known as lecithin PE), phosphatidylinositol (Commonly known as inositol phospholipid PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and so on. Phospholipids are widely found in plant seeds, poultry egg yolk, animal offal and brain. Phospholipids are generally divided into soybean phospholipids, rapeseed phospholipids, sunflower phospholipids, peanut phospholipids, eggs (eggs) phospholipids, depending on the source of the raw material. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a member of the phospholipid family, which is the only phospholipid that regulates the functional state of key membrane proteins. Pure white powder, extracted from the bovine brain is mainly potassium, sometimes sodium, calcium or magnesium salt, soluble in petroleum ether, ether, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran, insoluble in methanol and acetone. In 1942 by JordiFolch for the first time from the bovine brain extraction and qualitative, suggesting that serine hydroxyl and phosphatidyl binding, proved serine for the L-type.
The stPhosphatidylserineructure is as follows:
Phosphatidylserine (PS) consists of three parts: the hydrophilic glycerol backbone is the head, and the longer olefinic groups of the two longer chain hydrocarbons are the tail. The head consists of three groups: the serine residue is linked to the phosphate residue and the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position glycerol; the other two hydroxyl groups of the glycerol are esterified with the fatty acid to form the tail. Glycerol C-2 fatty acids are generally longer and have more unsaturated bonds than C-1 fatty acids. Its structure determines its unique properties, with a negatively charged head for the hydrophilic (or water-soluble), composed of fatty acids tail lipophilic (or fat-soluble), making PS amphipathic, both hydrophilic Sexual and lipophilic.
Usually PS refers to a group of compounds, rather than a single component, which is due to different sources of raw materials, lipid acyl residues change very large. PS is present in all animal, higher plants and microbial biofilms and is one of the important components of cell membrane phospholipids. It accounts for 10% to 20% of all phospholipids in the mammalian brain and is important for many cellular metabolic processes Regulatory effect. Such as PS through methylation can produce phosphatidylcholine, which can be used as a precursor of synthetic acetylcholine, involved in regulating the mobility of the cell membrane. And in the cell membrane receptor and the second messenger from the intermediary role; In addition, PS can also activate the cell membrane Na + / K + – ATPase, protein kinase C and tyrosine hydroxylase. In recent years, phosphatidylserine on the pharmacological and clinical application of research has been widely reported, and now its animal trials and clinical
With the following aspects:
1 Improve the cognitive ability, especially in recognition, learning, and memory ability Suzuki S et al. [3] studied the memory impairment of older rats in the Morris (Morris) underwater maze escape test, by feeding 60 mg / kg • D
The results showed that the behavior of male rats was significantly improved after 60 days of phosphatidylserine (SB-tPS) synthesized by phosphatidylation, and SB-tPS was promoted to promote the release of acetylcholine and Na + / K + – ATPase Of the activity, and when acetylcholine with the blood into the brain, with its accumulation of content, brain nerve cell information transfer rate
Accelerate, and thus play the ability to promote brain function, enhance memory, thinking and analysis. In fact, Zanotti et al. [4] also examined the activity of PS (BC-PS) derived from bovine brain in this field. They were found in rats with normal rats, young rats and rats with memory impairment , The memory at 50 mg / kg • d for 12 weeks, the memory of damaged rats (21 to 24 months), and the memory ability of the passive avoidance response were significantly improved. However, due to the problem of mad cow disease, Of the PS are derived from soybeans. Jorissen BL et al. [5] studied the safety evaluation of 120 elderly patients with ARCD (age-related cognitive impairment) and AAMI (age-related memory impairment) using soy protein PS. After 6 to 12 weeks of treatment , The subjects of the biochemical indicators, blood parameters, blood pressure, heart rate and the standard safety indicators and no significant difference, PS as a nutritional supplements, three times a day for each dose of 200mg is safe.
2 To improve Alzheimer ‘s disease
In 1986, Delwaide PJ and other first reported to oral dementia patients oral BC-PS (300 mg / d) can improve the patient’s cognitive function. A number of double-blind and placebo-controlled studies in Europe and the United States have confirmed the efficacy of this phospholipid, and Dr. Parris M. Kidd’s summary of the double-blind PS clinical trial, which Crook T et al. Reported to 51 AD patients BC-PS or placebo for 12 weeks (100 mg tid) and found that patients taking PS had increased in a number of cognitive abilities, while the control group had no such results. In those who are not very serious cognitive impairment in patients, the effect is more obvious. The results of this experiment show that PS may be a promising candidate in the early stages of AD. Another double-blind study with placebo as a control showed a mild improvement in the early administration of 300 mg PS 3 to 12 weeks for patients with early Alzheimer’s disease. In another double-blind study, the standard mental function test results increased by an average of about 15%, after the addition of PS 3 months, its mental capacity continues to improve. A clinical trial by Cenacchi T et al., Including 494 elderly patients, has demonstrated that BC-PS is an anti-dementia drug that improves behavior and cognitive performance and that there are no significant side effects in the trial.
At the same time, Sakai M and other studies of dementia patients were given daily 300mg from soybeans PS (SB-tPS) and bovine brain PS (BC-PS) were compared, the results showed that the fatty acid chain linoleic acid and palmitic acid soybean PS and fatty acid chain of stearic acid and oleic acid bovine brain PS similar efficacy; further mouse experiments show that, although the two PS structure is different, but can increase the concentration of glucose in the brain, can be confronted by the Scopolamine (sedative) caused by memory damage.
3 Treatment of depression
Brambilla F used BC-PS to study the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of 10 female patients with melancholy senescence. Patients received 15 days of placebo treatment and received 30 days of BC-PS treatment (300 mg / day). All patients were tested before and after placebo and BC-PS treatment, and emotional, memory and general behavior were monitored. Simultaneous detection of plasma adrenaline levels, 3-methyl-4-hydroxy-phenylene glycol (MHPG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), high vanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and β-endorphin (β-lipotropin) on the stimulating response of clonidine (an antihypertensive drug). The results showed that phosphatidylserine was able to regulate the hormone levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, with an average reduction in depression of 70%, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, anxiety, irritability and other symptoms were significantly improved, and taking placebo Symptoms were not changed before and after, and no side effects were found during the BC-PS trial.
4 To relieve stress and physical fatigue
In a study conducted by Hellhammer J et al., A TSST (Social Stress Test) test was conducted on 20 subjects using a mixture of soybean phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine (PAS) and found to take 400 mg / d PAS for 3 weeks, The levels of serum corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol levels were significantly inhibited by PAS, and tonic was relieved and did not affect heart rate changes [17]. At the same time, there are some studies on phosphatidylserine sports training that can increase muscle and power and improve stress levels in human training. In a double-blind controlled trial, a group of subjects served 800 mg of phosphatidylserine per day , The other group taking the same dose of placebo, 10 d after the two groups of the same high-intensity training, and then test the two groups of subjects in the blood cortisol concentration. It was found that the level of cortisol in the control group was significantly higher than that before training, while the cortisol concentration in the phosphatidylserine group was controlled at a low level. And cortisol is a role in the antagonism of testosterone from the decomposition of hormones, generally in high-intensity training, extreme fatigue or excessive training was significantly increased; this time the body more than the metabolic metabolism of metabolic, muscle protein decomposition accelerated, weight Decline; if the effective suppression of athletes during intensive training during the growth of cortisol, in order to improve the training results to create a good hormone environment. The researchers speculated that the role of phosphatidylserine may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis (hormone feedback system) response to stress process, recently reported phosphatidylserine can also promote the body’s endogenous testosterone secretion. Phosphatidylserine will be a considerable development potential of sports nutrition fortified substances.
At present, phosphatidylserine has been widely used as a nutritional supplements in foreign countries, there are some units at home and abroad to declare the PS health food patents, and also reported that PS to improve children with ADHD (ADHD) also have a certain effect. A large number of scientific experiments have confirmed that they have a specific effect on the neural network, especially the brain, and those patients with ARCD (age-related cognitive impairment) and AAMI (age-related memory impairment) because of their own The synthesis of sufficient amounts of phosphatidylserine, exogenous phosphatidylserine will make them the biggest beneficiaries.
